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Rocio viral encephalitis
Rocio viral encephalitis is an epidemic flaviviral disease of man first observed in São Paulo State, Brazil, in 1975.〔Carl J. Mitchell, Thomas P. Monath and C. Bruce Cropp: Experimental Transmission of Rocio Virus by Mosquitoes, ''Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.'', 30(2), 1981, pp. 465-472, abstract at http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/30/2/465.〕 Rocio virus was responsible for several epidemics of meningoencephalitis in coastal communities in southern São Paulo, Brazil, during 1975 and 1976.〔Carl J. Mitchell, Oswaldo Paulo Forattini, and Barry R. Miller: Ensaios sobre a capacidade vetora para o vírus Rocio, de três espécies de culicídeos da zona epidêmica no Brasil (competence experiments with Rocio virus and three mosquito species from the epidemic zone in Brazil ), ''Rev. Saúde Pública'' vol.20, no.3, São Paulo, June 1986, http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S0034-89101986000300001&script=sci_arttext.〕 The outbreak affected over 1,000 people and killed about 10% of those infected, but apparently responded well to treatment for viral encephalitides.〔CBWInfo: ''Secondary Biological Agents: Rocio virus encephalitis'', undated, http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Pathogens/SecondaryBW/SecRS.html#RS2.〕 The disease progresses rapidly after onset, with patients dying within 5 days of symptoms first appearing. The disease first presents with fever, headache, vomiting, and conjunctivitis, then progresses to neurological symptoms (confusion, disorientation, etc.) and muscle weakness; about one-third of cases enter a coma, and a third of them die,〔CBWInfo.〕 though supportive care such as intensive nursing and symptomatic treatment might reduce the case fatality rate to 4%.〔O. Souza Lopes, Francisco P. Pinheiro, and L. B. Iversson: "Rocio Viral Encephalitis", in: ''Handbook of Zoonoses'', Second Edition, Section B: Viral Zoonoses, George W. Beran (ed.-in-ch.), CRC Press, 1994, pp. 205-209.〕 Survivors show neurological and psychological after-effects (sequelae) in about 20% of cases.〔CBWInfo.〕 It is hypothesized that Rocio virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus with the potential for transmission by two prevalent ''Culex'' species mosquitoes, should it be introduced into North America.〔Mitchell et al, 1981.〕
==References==
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